Optimising the Spatial and Digital Accessibility of Parcel Lockers: A Global Analysis of Adoption Dynamics

Research on Parcel Lockers (PLs) in last-mile delivery (LMD) has gained significant academic attention over the past decades. While spatial factors such as population density, transport infrastructure, and commercial proximity are well-explored in determining PL allocation, less attention has been given to digital aspects critical to their effective deployment. PLs are predominantly deployed in urban areas, with limited availability in suburban and rural regions. Existing studies have primarily examined their socio-economic benefits and freight optimization, yet research on strategic spatial allocation—particularly user accessibility—remains scarce and fragmented. This study aims to address this gap by conducting a mix-approach. Firstly, we conduct a literature review using Scopus, identifying 37 relevant research papers based on keyword searches (parcel AND locker AND digit OR techn* AND accessibility OR proximity OR location/spatial location**). Secondly, we identified the main challenges in urban, non-urban contexts regarding accessibility, proximity and digital use of PLs. Preliminary findings highlight two key challenges: the lack of research on PL deployment in non-urban areas and a widespread digital divide among potential users, emphasizing the need for targeted awareness campaigns to promote equitable adoption. The results provide a foundation for researchers, city planners, and logistics companies to develop context-specific strategies aimed at bridging socio-economic disparities, improving spatial accessibility in underserved areas, and enhancing digital literacy initiatives to support PL adoption.