Isocordoin analogues promote apoptosis in human melanoma cells via Hsp70

Isocordin 1 and a series of 4-oxyalkyl-isocordoin analogues 2-8 were evaluated for their cytotoxicity effect against human melanoma cells (A2058). Analogues 4, 5, and 6 showed a higher inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 12.91 +/- 0.031, 24.88 +/- 0.013, and 11.62 +/- 0.017, respectively. These analogues, 4, 5, and 6, also induced an apoptotic response at 12.5- and 25-mu M concentrations. They inhibited the expression of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Hsp70, a critical factor that promotes tumour cell survival. In contrast, Bax and caspase-9 expression, and caspase3 enzyme resulted activated. These results were correlated to a DNA fragmentation typical of apoptosis and an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Alternatively, at higher concentration (50 mu M), when the capacity of the cells to sustain Hsp70 synthesis is reduced, our results seem to indicate that necrosis was induced by a further increase in ROS production. Therefore, the central finding in the present study is that these molecules downregulates Hsp70 expression. Altogether, these results suggest that 4-oxyalkyl-isocordoin analogues 4, 5, and 6 deserve to be deeply investigated for a possible application as Hsp70 inhibitor in the management of melanoma.