The Promise and Challenges of 3D Bioprinting in Otolaryngology: A Contemporary Perspective Viewpoint.

Objectives: To conduct a critical review of the current applications, challenges and future directions of three-dimensional bioprinting (3DBP) in otolaryngology with a focus on surgical education, personalised implants and regenerative medicine. Design: Expert opinion based on a targeted literature review and clinical experience. Setting: Translational research relevance of academic otolaryngology. Main Outcome Measures: Assessment of bioprinting approaches and new materials, anatomical accuracy, overcoming limitations by pairing with enhanced technology as virtual and augmented reality. Results: 3DBP is fast becoming an asset to otolaryngology. These stereolithography (SLA) models facilitate the use of high-fidelity temporal bone models for surgical simulation and training. Functional outcomes of patient-specific implants for ossiculoplasty and cochlear implantation are promising, albeit mostly in preclinical settings. Educators have turned to virtual and augmented reality platforms to improve classroom experiences. But significant hurdles remain, including biocompatibility, the cost of high-resolution technologies and regulatory impediments to clinical translation. Conclusion: Numerous studies have reported on the transformative potential of 3DBP for surgical planning, education implementation of personalised treatment in otolaryngology. A balanced assessment of both its current limitations and future promise is essential for ethical integration. The translation of this technology into routine practice will require multidisciplinary collaboration and rigorous validation through clinical trials. Level of Evidence: V.